Department of Public Health

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Colostrum Feeding Practices and Contributing Factors among Mothers with Infants and Young Children Under 24 Months in
(2025-05-01) Abdi Nure
ABSTRACT Background: Globally, fewer than half of newborns were breastfed within the first hour of birth, contributing to thousands of preventable infant deaths each year due to delayed colostrum intake. Colostrum, the initial milk produced after delivery, contains essential nutrients and antibodies that support neonatal immunity and reduce early health risks. Despite its benefits, colostrum avoidance remained common in settings such as Asasa Town, Ethiopia. Objective: The study aimed to assess colostrum feeding practices and associated factors among mothers of infants and young children less than 24 months living in Asasa Town, Oromia, Southeast Ethiopia, 2025. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from September 25 to October 30, 2025, involving 381 systematically selected mothers of infants and children under 24 months. Data were collected using a structured, pretested questionnaire and entered into Epi-Data 4.7 before analysis in SPSS version 27. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and feeding practices. Bivariate logistic regression was performed to identify candidate variables for multivariable analysis (p < 0.25). Multivariable logistic regression was then used to determine independent predictors of colostrum feeding practice. Statistical significance was declared at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 381 mothers participated, yielding a response rate of 97.4%. In this study, the overall prevalence of colostrum feeding practice was 61.4% (CI: 95% 56.5% to 66.3%). Additionally, 73.2% of mothers demonstrated good knowledge of colostrum, and 67.5% had a favorable attitude toward colostrum feeding. Factors significantly associated with colostrum feeding practice were postpartum counseling on colostrum feeding (AOR=1.81, 95% CI: 1.08–3.02), mode of delivery (AOR=6.19, 95% CI: 2.92–13.11), and good maternal knowledge (AOR=5.26, 95% CI: 2.97–9.32). Conclusion: The prevalence of colostrum feeding practice in Asasa Town was lower than the national and global recommendations. Postpartum counseling, vaginal delivery, and good maternal knowledge were key determinants of optimal colostrum feeding. Strengthening breastfeeding counseling during antenatal care, delivery, and postnatal care; improving maternal health education; and promoting institutional delivery are essential to improve early colostrum feeding practices in the community. Keywords: Colostrum, Breastfeeding, Early initiation, Knowledge, Oromia, Ethiopia
Determinants of HIV Testing Among High School Students in Asella Town, Arsi Zone, Southeastern Ethiopia, 2025 G.C
(2025-05-01) Abel Tadesse
Abstract Background: HIV testing is a powerful tool for personal health and global public health, enabling early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of HIV transmission. An estimated 39.9 million (36.1–44.6 million) people were living with HIV at the end of 2023, of which 1.4 million (1.1–1.7 million) children (0–14 years old). In Ethiopia, Africa’s second most populous country, only 63% of HIV-positive youth 15–24 years are aware of their HIV-positive status after being tested for the first time. Objective: This study aimed to assess the magnitude and determinants of HIV testing among high school students in Asella Town, Arsi Zone, Southeastern Ethiopia, in 2025 G.C. Method: An institution based cross-sectional study was implemented among high school students in Asella town, 2025. The target population included high school students attending schools in Asella town. With a lottery method representing schools ( one Governmental, one public and one private ) were selected and the students from grades 9-12 were the study units. With a multi stage stratified sampling technique 568 students were recruited. Data was collected using a standardized questionnaire translated into Amharic and back-translated for accuracy. Data analysis involved both descriptive and analytical statistics. After data collection, the data was coded, entered and analyzed by using Epi info 7.2.5 and SPSS version 26 software. Binary logistic regression analysis was employed to control for potential confounding factors and to identify the independent effects of the explanatory variables on HIV testing among high school students. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were reported to quantify the strength of associations together with their p values. Results : Students who report experiencing peer pressure are 37 times more likely to undergo HIV/AIDS testing compared to those who do not report experiencing peer pressure ( AOR = 36.98, 95% CI 28.78, 42.72, P < 0.001 ). Being tested for HIV prior to intercourse is 22 times more likely to happen than being tested without the possibility of intercourse happening in the near future ( AOR = 22.04 , 95% CI 15.21, 28. 23, P <0.001). History of prior sexual intercourse ( AOR = 5.89, 95% CI: 2.03, 11.99, P < 0.001) and Alcohol consumption ( AOR = 3.68, 95% CI 1.25, 8.87, P = 0.008) were also found to be associated with likeliness of being tested for HIV/AIDS among high school students. Conclusion and Recommendation: HIV testing among high school students was a common occurrence (60.27%). The independent determinants that were identified here were grade level, history of prior intercourse, testing prior to having sex, alcohol consumption and peer pressure regarding HIV/AIDS. Testing prior to having sex, strong youth groups in high schools and having guidance counsellor with test kits being readily available for testing are highly recommended. Keywords: HIV testing, High school students, Ethiopia
Determinants of Breast Cancer among Women Attending Oncology Units at Asella Referral and Teaching Hospital, Southeast Ethiopia
(2025-05-01) Tafes Dejen Mersha
Abstract Introduction: Breast cancer re⁠presents a malignant growth originating in breast tissue and the most frequent cancer diagnosis among women around the world. In 2020 it shows more than 2.3 million new case and about 685,000 deaths on a globaly. The overall load seems to be climbing, especially⁠ in low and middle income countries due to late diagnoses along with poor access to treatment and fragile health setups as⁠ key reasons for this trend Objective: To identify the determinants of breast cancer among women attending Asella Referral and Teaching Hospital in Arsi Zone, Asella Town, Etiopia, in 2025. Methods: A health facility case-control study was conducted among 384 participants (cases=77 confirmed cases and controls=307) from septenber to October, 2025. A systematic random sampling for controls and consicutive sampling were used for cases. Data were collected via kobotoolbox and card review. Data accuracy was ensured through daily suporvisoin, training and pretest evaluation. Data was exported to SPSS versoin 26, for analysis. Descriptive analysis, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association of determinants factors and breasrt cancer. Adjusted Odds ratio with (95%CI) confidence interval was used to report the association. Result: Determinants of breast cancer which were significant are rural residency (AOR=2.64 (1.39,5.01), no physical ingagement practice (AOR=2.92(0.93,9.35), BMI 25-29kg/m2 (AOR=6.67(2.17,13,70), low vegetable conseptoin (AOR=1.88(1.08,4.34) postmenopausal status (AOR=1.25(1.04,3.28), history of abortion(AOR=4.01(1.65,9.74), long term usage of oral contraceptive method (AOR=2.51(1.06,5.94), history of breast trauma(AOR=4.34(2.06,8.38), and history of breast infection (AOR= 4.18(1.71,10.21) with 95% confidence interval. Others significan factors were family history of any cancer related disease (AOR=3.26(1.93, 11.5), and family history of breast cancer spencificaly (AOR=5.75(2.41, 13.5) with 95%CI. Conclusoin: Rural residence, higher BMI, low vegetable intake, post menopausal status, abortion, infection and traumatic history of breast, family history of breast and any cancers related disease were independently identified as determinants of breast cancer. Strengthening prevention and early detection method, promoting healthy life style and comprehensive reproiductive health care system were vital for reducing the burden of breast cancer. Key words: Arsi, Breast Cancer, Case-control, Determinants, Ethiopia, Womens Health.
ASSESSMENT OF UTILIZATION AND SATISFACTION OF URBAN HEALTH EXTENSION SERVICES AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG WOMEN OF CHILD BEARING AGE (15-49 YEARS) IN ASSELA TOWN, OROMIYA REGIONAL STATE SOUTHEAST ETHIOPIA, FROM SEPTEMBER 1 TO 30 IN THE YEAR 2025
(2025-05-01) GIRMA DAGIFE
Abstract Background: Urban Health Extension service utilization and satisfaction was affected by lack of knowledge and participation on packages in the study area and period. Objective: It was to assess the magnitude of utilization and satisfaction of health extension services and associated factors among women of age (15-49 years) in Assela Town, Oromia Regional state South East Ethiopia in September 2025. Methodology: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted. Using single proportion and 1.5 desinge effect formula by adoption 51.8% from a study in Hawasa Town and final sample size was 632. Sampling procedure was by stratified random sampling from all 8 kebeles 8 ketenas were selected by lottery; allocating proportionally. Urban Health extension services utilization and satisfaction was dependent variable. Independent variables related to socio demographic and behavioral factors. An adopted questionnaire was developed in Kobo toolbox. And pretest was done on 5% of the sample in Gonde Town. Ethical clearance from Public Health Department, verbal consent of each participant was obtained. Face to face interview by using close and open ended questionnaire data collection was done. Data analysis: Kobo toolbox collected data was transferred to SPSS version 27 to analyze by binary logistic regression by considering 95% CI, p-value < 0.05. The answers from open ended question was triangulated. Results: With a response rate of 98 %( 618/632) the Urban Health Extension service (UHEP) utilization and satisfaction was 28% and 41% respectively. Among associated factors with 95% CI and p-value <0.05 were knowledge about UHEP 6.7(AOR=6.7; 95% CI: 3.15-14.97), participation of women on planning of UHEP activities 5.36 higher (AOR=5.36; 95 CI: 1-19.6) than their respective counterpart. Conclusions and Recommendations: The study came with results among researches reported least utilization proportion. The associated factors were manageable by the town health office, health extension workers and kebele administers. Awareness creation, participating women in planning and best experience sharing between families on health extension activities were among the recommendations.
Utilization of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets and Associated Factors Among Mothers Who Have Under-Five Children in Dodota District, Southeast Ethiopia, 2025
(2025-05-01) Mohammedin Jemal
Abstract Introduction: Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) are crucial for malaria prevention, particularly for children under five, who face the highest mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. However, there is insufficient information on maternal health service-related factors influence LLIN utilization among mothers with children under five years in Ethiopia. Objectives: To assess utilization of long-lasting insecticidal nets and associated factors among mothers who have under-five children in Dodota district, Southeast Ethiopia, 2025. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 1 to 30, 2025, among 605 randomly selected mothers of children under five in Dodota District, and was supplemented with qualitative data for in-depth investigation. A multistage sampling technique was employed to recruit the study participants. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews by using kobo toolbox and exported to SPSS software version 27 for analysis. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were computed. Variables with P-value less than 0.25 in bivariate analysis were entered into a multivariate analysis. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was used to measure the strength of the association and statistical significance was declared with a p-value less than 0.05. After translation and transcription, manual thematic analysis was applied to the qualitative data. Results: Utilization of LLIN among mothers of children under five years was 58.7% (95% CI: 54.7–62.6). Maternal age ≥45 years (AOR = 2.91, 95% CI: 1.09–7.69), having a family size of four or fewer members (AOR = 2.54, 95% CI: 1.67–3.85), good knowledge of LLIN use (AOR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.24–2.72), and receiving counseling on LLIN use during antenatal care (AOR = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.49–3.75) were significantly associated with LLIN utilization. Moreover, misbeliefs, misconceptions, use the LLIN for other purposes and insufficient accessibility were the most commonly identified barriers by the qualitative data. Conclusion and recommendation: Utilization of LLINs among mothers of children under five years was below the national target. Maternal age, family size, knowledge of ITNs, and receipt of counseling on LLIN use during antenatal care were significant factors associated with LLIN utilization. Strengthening awareness creation sessions by health care providers on LLIN utilization for under-five children is recommended. Keywords: Utilization, Long-last insect nets, associated factor, under five children, Ethiopia
Under nutrition and Its Associated Factors among Adult Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy: A Cross-Sectional Study at Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital, Oromia, Southeast Ethiopia, 2025
(2025-05-01) Ketema Bogale
ABSTRACT Background: Undernutrition is a major global public health issue, affecting an estimated 30–80% of cancer patients during the course of their illness. In Ethiopia, the nutritional status of adult cancer patients receiving chemotherapy remains insufficiently studied, especially in regional settings such as Oromia, with most existing evidence coming from urban centers like Addis Ababa. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of undernutrition and associated factors among adult cancer patients receiving chemotherapy at Asella Referral and Teaching Hospital, Oromia, southeast Ethiopia, in 2025. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from August 11 to October 18, 2025, involving 214 adult cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Participants were selected using systematic random sampling. Data were collected using a structured, pretested questionnaire, the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) tool, and anthropometric measurements. Completed questionnaires were entered into Epi-Data version 4.7, exported to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), and analyzed using it. Descriptive statistics summarized the data. Variables with p < 0.25 in bivariate analysis were entered into multivariable logistic regression. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to report associations, and significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 214 participants completed the study, yielding a response rate of 98.62%. The mean age of the respondents was 54.8 ± 13.7 years. The overall prevalence of under nutrition based on PG-SGA was 61.7% (95% CI: 55.2–68.2). Factors significantly associated with under nutrition included Stage III cancer (AOR=4.26, 95% CI: 1.14–15.99), Stage IV cancer (AOR=4.79, 95% CI: 1.30–17.71), loss of appetite (AOR=3.47, 95% CI: 1.14–10.50), vomiting (AOR=7.71, 95% CI: 2.07–28.71), diarrhea (AOR=4.10, 95% CI: 1.43–11.70), and consuming fewer than three meals per day (AOR=2.83, 95% CI: 1.20–6.66). Conclusion: Under nutrition was highly prevalent among adult cancer patients receiving chemotherapy in the study area. Advanced disease stage, inadequate meal frequency, loss of appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea significantly increased the risk of under nutrition. Strengthening routine nutritional assessment, early identification of high-risk patients, and integrating nutrition-focused interventions into oncology care are strongly recommended. Keywords: Prevalence, under nutrition, Cancer, Chemotherapy, Asella, Hospital, Ethiopia
Latrine Utilization and Associated Factors among Households in Honkolo Wabe District, Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
(2025-05-01) Kasim Shunda Gebewo
Abstract Background: Access to proper sanitation is crucial for public health, but over 3.5 billion people globally lack it, exposing communities to preventable diseases such as diarrhea, which causes significant morbidity and mortality, especially among young children. Although some households have latrines, open defecation remains a challenge due to socio-cultural beliefs, economic limitations, and poor infrastructure. Objectives: This study assessed latrine utilization and associated factors in Honkolo Wabe District, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Methods: A mixed study design was conducted among 502 households in Honkolo Wabe district from August 25, to September 25, 2025. A multi-stage sampling method was used to recruit study participants. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Data were entered into the Kobo Toolbox software and analyzed by SPSS version 25. Variables with p-value ≤ 0.25 were entered into a multivariable logistic regression model. A p-value < 0.05 and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were considered significant. For qualitative data, four focus group discussions (FGDs) were held with eight purposively chosen participants from kebeles. Data were transcribed, translated into English, and thematically analyzed by using open code software 4.03. Results: Latrine utilization in this study was 31.4% (95%CI: 27.3%-35.7%). Significant factors associated with increased latrine use included being female (AOR = 2.03, 95%CI: 1.28–3.21), having at least secondary education (AOR = 4.42, 95%CI: 1.91–10.23), absence of children under five years (AOR = 1.87, 95%CI: 1.16–3.01), smaller family size (AOR = 2.44, 95%CI: 1.41–4.21), safe latrine access at night (AOR = 5.95, 95%CI: 3.48–10.16), and presence of a privacy wall or door (AOR = 1.63, 95%CI: 1.02–2.61). FGDs confirmed barriers: child fall fears prompting open defecation, unsafe bush-covered paths, and privacy deficits due to costs. Conclusion: Latrine utilization in Honkolo Wabe District households was low (31.4%) compared to other studies and SDG targets. Significant factors included female sex, maternal secondary education, family size <5, absence of under-5 children, safe nighttime access, and privacy walls/doors, with FGDs confirming child fall fears, unsafe paths, and privacy/cost barriers. Therefore, health education should be given on associated findings to get full coverage latrine utilization in this District.
Admission pattern, treatment outcomes, and associated factors of patients admitted to the intensive care unit of Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital. A cross-sectional study
(2025-05-01) DIDA BATU
Abstract Background: It is imperative to evaluate the admission patterns and treatment outcomes of critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units in developing nations. The availability of expertise, admission patterns, and the facilities of the intensive care unit all affect the mortality rate in these units, which varies worldwide. Objective: The main aim of this study is to assess the admission pattern, treatment outcomes, and associated factors for patients admitted to the intensive care unit of Asella Referral and Teaching Hospital. Methods: A institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 314 patients admitted to ICUs of Asella Referral and Teaching Hospital from November 1-30 2023 using a systematic random sampling technique. A data abstraction form designed for data collection was used to collect data from medical records. Collected data entered into Epi Info 7 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association of an independent variable with the outcome variable. Factors with a p-value of less than 0.25 in bivariate logistic regression analysis was exported to multivariate analysis to see if they are independent factors for the outcome variable. The adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and a p-value of less than 0.05 was taken as statistical significance. Result: From the total 314 admitted patients to the ICU, 219(69.7%) of them discharged alive while the rest 95(30.3%, 95% CI 25.28-35.71%) of them were dead. From the total 95 death in the ICU,41 (43.2%) of the death was related to shock followed by acute respiratory disease syndrome which accounts 24(25.3%) of death. patients admitted with a pulse rate of >100 bpm were 2.1 times higher odds of death (AOR 95% CI: 1.18, 3.75) as compared to those who have <100 bpm. Additionally, patients admitted with peripheral oxygen saturation of <90% were 1.89 times higher odds of death (AOR 95% CI: 1.08, 3.29) as compared to those who have >90% saturation. Similarly, patients with an unconscious mental status were found to be 3.32 times higher odds of death (AOR 95% CI: 1.84, 5.98) as compared to those who are conscious Conclusions and Recommendations: Significant number of patients admitted to the ICU were discharged alive, while a notable proportion did not survive their ICU stay. Factors like oxygen saturation, pulse rate, level of consciousness and Inotropes used were significantly associated with ICU mortality. Implement targeted interventions focusing on early detection and management of critical conditions to reduce mortality rates among patients in the ICU is required.
Acceptance of Index Case HIV Testing and Associated Factors among Partner and Families of ART Clients in Bekoji Town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
(2025-05-01) Jemal Hussein Betul
Abstract Background: Index case Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) testing is a good approach for addressing and improving the efficiency and yield of testing among high-risk populations such as partners and families of people living with HIV. Despite national efforts to expand HIV testing, index case testing acceptance remains suboptimal in many areas of Ethiopia. Limited data exist regarding its determinants in Bekoji Town. Objective: To assess the status of acceptance of partner and family-based index case HIV testing and its associated factors among clients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) at public health facilities in Bekoji Town, Ethiopia, in 2025. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 282 ART clients in public health facilities in Bekoji Town from August 1, 2025, to October 30, 2025. A systematic random sampling method was utilized to recruit the study participants. Data was collected using interviewers administered a structured questionnaire. The collected data was entered into SPSS for analysis. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the association between independent variables and outcome variables. All variables with a p-value < 0.25 in bivariate logistic regression were entered into multivariable logistic regression to identify factors independently associated with the outcome variable. Odds ratio along with 95% CI at p-value < 0.05 were used to measure the strength of the association. Result: The magnitude of HIV index case acceptance was 86.9 %(95%CI: 82.4%-90.6%). Urban (AOR = 3.92, 95%CI: 1.30–11.78), secondary education (AOR =4.36, 95%CI: 1.35–14.03), college and above education (AOR =4.50, 95%CI: 1.19–17.02), duration on ART (AOR = 3.78, 95%CI: 1.43–10.01), disclosed their HIV status (AOR = 6.06, 95%CI: 2.28–16.09), adherence to ART treatment (AOR = 2.60, 95%CI: 1.02–6.62) and good knowledge of HIV/AIDS (AOR =4.55, 95%CI: 1.86–11.16) were associated with ICHT acceptance. Conclusion: In this study, 86.9% of HIV patients accepted ICHT for their family member/partner. Urban residence, secondary and above educational, ART medication adherence, duration on ART, HIV status disclosure, and good knowledge of HIV/AIDS were significantly associated with ICHT acceptance. Therefore, health providers should provide regular health education importance of HTS, adherence to ART medication, and HIV status disclosure.
Depression Burden and Determinants among Middle-Adolescent Students in Asella, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study 2025
(2025-05-01) Firegenet Gossa Ayele
Abstract Introduction: Depression is a growing public health concern among adolescents worldwide, affecting nearly 10-20% globally. In low- and middle-income countries for the majority of adolescents mental illnesses go undetected and untreated due to limited mental health services. In Ethiopia, evidence on adolescent―in particular depression ―remains scarce. Generating local data is important for designing tailored interventions. Objective: To assess the magnitude of depression and its associated factors among middle adolescent students in three selected schools in Asella, Oromia, Ethiopia in 2025. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 9th, 2025, to January 5th, 2026, among 590 students from three selected schools in Asella town, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Students were selected by a multi staged stratified sampling technique based on grade and sex. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire prepared in English, Amharic and Afaan Oromoo and analyzed in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29 using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at p-value <0.05. Results: The magnitude of depression among middle adolescents was 30.5%. Significant determinants included academic pressure (AOR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.41,4.26, very highly significant at p < 0.001), social-exclusion bullying (AOR = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.4,4.73, very highly significant at p < 0.001), living with mother only (AOR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.10,3.16, highly significant at p < 0.05) or living alone (AOR = 2.61, 95% CI: 1.08,6.34, significant at p < 0.05), lower maternal education (AOR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.02,4.63, significant at p < 0.05), and perceiving the school environment as stressful (AOR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.09,3.03, highly significant at p < 0.05). Conclusion and Recommendation: The magnitude of depression was 30.5%, with key determinants including academic pressure, social-exclusion bullying, living with mother only or living alone, lower maternal education, and a stressful school environment. Schools should integrate mental-health promotion programs and peer-support, parents should provide supportive homes, and the health and education sectors must implement
Human papillomavirus vaccination uptake and its associated factors among female adolescent students in Chole Woreda, Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, 2025
(2025-05-01) Bekalu Tsegaye
Abstract Background: While HPV is the leading cause of cervical cancer and its vaccine is the only most effective and cost-efficient solution for prevention, uptake has been lagging. The Human Papillomavirus vaccine offers great promise in reducing the cervical cancer burden; however, this low uptake is particularly evident in low-resource settings, such as Ethiopia, where the contextual factors influencing acceptance remain under-explored. Objective: To assess the uptake of Human Papillomavirus vaccination and its associated factors among female adolescent students in Chole Woreda, Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, in 2025. Methods: A mixed-methods cross-sectional study was conducted on female adolescent students in Chole Woreda from September to November 2025. The study used multi-stage proportional sampling across eight schools. Data were collected via Kobo Collect and analyzed in SPSS, with statistical significance set at p<0.05 in multivariable logistic regression. The qualitative findings were analyzed with manual thematic analysis. Result: The HPV vaccine uptake in the study area was found to be 60.6%. Multivariable logistic regression identified five key factors independently associated with this uptake: attitude towards HPV vaccination (AOR = 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.08; p<0.01), Fathers' educational level (AOR = 0.02; CI: 0.00, 0.09; p<0.01), knowledge towards cervical cancer (AOR = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.59; p<0.01), place of birth (AOR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.92; p<0.05), and occupational status of the mother (AOR = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.85; p<0.05). These quantitative findings were further corroborated by qualitative results, which revealed that misconceptions and a lack of awareness were significant barriers to vaccine acceptance. Conclusion: HPV vaccine uptake in Chole Woreda is significantly hampered by knowledge deficits, misconceptions, and influential parental socio-demographic factors. Therefore, targeted interventions focusing on parental education and correcting misconceptions are critically recommended to boost vaccination uptake. Key words: Human papillomavirus vaccination, Knowledge, Attitude.
Traditional Uvulectomy Practice and associated factors among parents of under five children in Eteya town, Arsi zone, Oromia, Ethiopia in 2025
(2025-05-01) Girumsew Genene Alemayehu
ABSTRACT Background: Traditional uvulectomy is a common practice in many parts of Ethiopia. This procedure is deeply rooted in cultural beliefs and is thought to prevent or cure various sicknesses. It is associated with significant complications and health risks. Despite an ongoing national strategic plan to eradicate every harmful traditional practice, including traditional uvulectomy, by 2025, and the availability of modern healthcare resources, traditional uvulectomy is still widely practiced all over the country especially in rural areas. However, there is limited evidences that inform the practices of traditional uvulectomy and its associated factors in the study area. Objectives: The main objective of this research was to assess the practice and associated factors of traditional uvulectomy among parents who have children of under five years in Eteya town, Arsi zone, Oromia, Ethiopia in 2025. Methods: The study was conducted among 417 parents by employing a community based cross-sectional study design, utilizing a structured questionnaire for data collection on KOBO toolbox. The collected data was exported to SPSS version 27 for analysis. Descriptive analysis was carried out to describe respondent’s baseline characteristics and summarized as frequency and percentage. Logistic regression was used to determine statistically significanceat P-value of ≤0.05. Adjusted Odds Ratio along its 95% Confidence interval was used to measure the degree of association between dependent and independent variables. Results are presented by using text narration, tables and graphs. Conclusion: It was found that Uvulectomy in Eteya is still prevalent and needs intervention to reduce its complications. Key words: Uvulectomy, under five children, practice, associated factors
Health-Related Quality of Life and Associated Factors among Hypertensive Patients Attending Asella Referral and Teaching Hospital
(2025-05-01) Esmael Mohammed
ABSTRACT Background:Hypertension, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, affects the quality of lifeof patients, especially elderly patients. Althougha few studies have determined the quality of life of hypertensive patients in Ethiopia, there is a lack of studies that have estimated the utility index to assist the economic evaluation of hypertension management interventions. Objectives: To evaluate the health-related quality of life and associated factors among hypertensive patients attending Asella Referral and Teaching Hospital. Method: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 404hypertensive patients who were attending Asella Referral and Teaching Hospital from March 10, 2025,to April 10, 2025. Data was collected by using structured questionnaires and validated EuroQol 5-dimensional-5 levels (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaires. Differences in health-related quality of life scores between patient subgroups were tested by the Mann-Whitney U or the Kruskal-Wallis test. A binary logistic regression will be used to examine the association between independent variables and outcome variables. All variables with a p-value < 0.25 in the logistic regression will be entered into the multivariable logistic regression to identify factors independently associated with the outcome variable. An odds ratio along with a 95% Confidence Interval at p-value < 0.05 was used to measure the strength of the association. Results: The magnitude of affected HRQOL among hypertensive patients was 44.3 %( 95%: 39.4, 49.3). The mean EQ-5D index score of hypertensive patients was 0.899(0.099). Factors such as old age (AOR = 2.23, 95%CI: 1.14–4.33), comorbidity (AOR =3.42, 95%CI: 1.54–7.59), poor self-reported health status (AOR = 2.87, 95%CI: 1.28–6.43), chewing khat (AOR = 5.83, 95%CI: 2.09–16.29) and not adhering to treatment (AOR = 2.41, 95%CI: 1.19–4.85) were significantly associated with affected HRQOL among hypertensivepatient. Conclusion: -More than two-fifths of hypertensive patients have affected HRQoL. Old age, comorbidity, poor health status, chewing khat, and not adhering to treatment were found to be significantly associated with affected HRQOL. Therefore, health institutions should establish a health literacy unit that provides health education and awareness on a health-promoting lifestyle for all patients, especially older individuals and patients with additional chronic illnesses. Keywords: Health-related quality of Life, Hypertension, Ethiopia
MAGNITUDE OF PRECANCEROUS CERVICAL LESION AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG HIV-POSITIVE WOMEN ATTENDING ADULT ART CLINIC AT PUBLIC HEALTH FACILITIES IN ARSI ZONE, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA, 2025
(2025-05-01) ALEM BIRHANU
Abstract Background: A precancerous cervical lesion is an abnormality in the cells of the cervix that could eventually develop into cervical cancer. Every year, more than 528,000 women develop cervical cancer and about 266,000 women die from the disease worldwide. Different studies in Africa indicated the varied prevalence of precancerous cervical lesions among HIV-infected women, ranging between 4.4% - 42.4%. In Ethiopia, cervical cancer was the second leading cancer diagnosis among adult women, with an estimated 6,294 new cases and 4,844 deaths annually. Even if the Ethiopian government declared and planned to screen and treat early for every HIV positive women, however, there was no clear data on the magnitude of the precancerous cervical lesion and associated factors among HIV-positive women on antiretroviral therapy before in the study area. Objective: To assess the magnitude of precancerous cervical lesion and associated factories among a women who are HIV positive and receiving antiretroviral therapy at public health facilities in Arsi zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia, 2025 Methods: An institutional-based cross- sectional study was been conducted among HIV-positive women attending ART clinic at public health facilities in Arsi Zone from September 15 to October 15, 2025, Southeast Ethiopia. A sample of 422 participants was been selected using systematic random sampling methods. Data was been gathered using a structured and pretested questionnaire through a KOBO collect app. Data was been collected using 16 health professions (8 examiners who have done the screening and 8 data collectors who have interview for the associated factors using questioners). The data was been analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics such as percentage and frequency was been computed, and the mean with standard deviation is used to summarize the continuous variables accordingly. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regressions was been performed to identify significant factors associated with precancerous cervical lesions among HIV-infected women. Those variables with p-value < 0.25 in bivariate analysis was been considered for multivariable logistic regression analysis to control the effect of confounding variables. The strength of associations was been expressed using adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals, and the significance of associations is declared at a p-value of less than 0.05. The questionnaire was been pretested on 5% of the sample size in a similar study population at Awash Melkasa Health Center which found in Awash Melkasa town before the actual data collection.
TIMELINESS OF EARLY INFANT HIV DIAGNOSIS AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG HIV-EXPOSED INFANTS IN PUBLIC HOSPITALS, ARSI ZONE, SOUTHEAST ETHIOPIA, 2025
(2025-05-01) HASHIM GENA
ABSTRACT Background: Early infant diagnosis (EID) is critical for reducing HIV-related morbidity and mortality among HIV-exposed infants. The World Health Organization recommends virological testing within 4–6 weeks after birth. However, many low-resource settings, including Ethiopia, continue to experience suboptimal performance in achieving the ≥95% timeliness target. Objective: To assess the timeliness of early infant HIV diagnosis and identify associated factors among HIV-exposed infants at public hospitals in Arsi Zone, Southeast Ethiopia. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted through retrospective chart reviews from August 30 to September 30, 2025. A consecutive sample of 414 mother-infant pairs was drawn from three randomly selected public hospitals. Data were collected using KoboToolbox and analyzed in SPSS version 27. Factors associated with early diagnosis were identified using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression, with results presented as adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Among the 414 Human Immunodeficiency Virus-exposed infants enrolled (300 from Asella Referral and teaching Hospital, 62 from Robe Didea Hospital, and 52 from Abomsa Hospital), only 61.6% (255/414) had their first PCR sample collected within the recommended ≤45 days after birth. In multivariable analysis, reduced odds of timely EID were significantly associated with: maternal age <25 years (AOR = 0.043, 95% CI: 0.015–0.121) and >35 years (AOR = 0.257, 95% CI: 0.103–0.641); single (AOR = 0.119, 95% CI: 0.028–0.502) and divorced (AOR = 0.103, 95% CI: 0.025–0.427) marital status; rural residence (AOR = 0.124, 95% CI: 0.056–0.276); no antenatal care follow-up (AOR = 0.163, 95% CI: 0.076–0.349); home delivery (AOR = 0.083, 95% CI: 0.033–0.211); and mixed breastfeeding (AOR = 0.126, 95% CI: 0.049–0.321). Conclusion and recommendations: Early infant diagnosis timeliness in the Arsi Zone remains substantially below the global target. Interventions should prioritize young and older mothers, unmarried women, rural residents, and those with home deliveries or inadequate antenatal care to improve early infant diagnosis coverage. Keywords: Early infant diagnosis, HIV-exposed infants, polymerase chain reaction, timeliness, Ethiopia, Arsi Zone
Magnitude and Factors Associated with Postpartum Depression among Women Who Gave Birth in the Last 12 Months in Asella Town Public Health Facility, Arsi Zone, Oromia, Southeast Ethiopia, 2025
(2025-05-01) Tina Solomon
ABSTRACT Background Postpartum depression is a common condition that would likely remain undetected if symptoms are less severe, and could become severe or chronic if not recognized and treated. Being the most prevalent form of mental illness during the postpartum period, it may happen as early as two weeks postpartum. Objective: To assess the magnitude and factors associated with postpartum depression among women who gave birth in the last 12 months, attending for postnatal care and vaccination services in public health facilities of Asella town, Arsi zone, southeast Ethiopia, 2025. Methods: An institutional cross-sectional study was conducted among 304 postpartum women attending public health facilities in Asella Town, with a 99% response rate. Participants were selected using systematic random sampling, and data were collected through face-to-face interviews with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and structured questionnaires using Kobo Toolbox. Tools were translated into Amharic and Afan Oromo, and pre-tested on 5% of the sample. Trained diploma nurses conducted the interviews under supervision. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, with EPDS ≥13 indicating postpartum depression. Variables with p < 0.25 in bivariate analysis were included in multivariate logistic regression, and significance was declared at p < 0.05. Results were reported as adjusted odds ratios and Crude Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Result: The prevalence of postpartum depression in this study was 27.6% (95% CI: 22.75%–33.08%). Significant predictors included financial problems (AOR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.39–5.33), separation or divorce (AOR = 4.52, 95% CI: 1.98–10.34), unplanned pregnancy (AOR = 3.05, 95% CI: 1.39–6.71), death of a baby (AOR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.14–5.18), and history of depression (AOR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.03–4.04) respectively. Conclusion: Postpartum depression is a significant maternal health concern in Asella Town, in which one out of four mothers is affected. Low economy, marital instability, unplanned pregnancy, loss of a baby, and prior depression were the main determinants. This highlights the need for routine screening and integration of maternal mental health into postnatal care. Keywords: Postpartum depression, Maternal mental health, Postpartum period, Asella
Magnitude of Voluntary Blood Donation Practice and Associated Factors Among Asella Town Residents, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2025
(2025-05-01) Kenenisa Hailu
ABSTRACT Background: Blood donation is a critical process that involves collecting blood from healthy donors, ensuring a safe and adequate supply of blood and its components. Voluntary, non-remunerated blood donors are essential for maintaining this supply. In Ethiopia, over 60% of the total yearly collected blood comes from schools and community-based initiatives. However, challenges such as a limited number of voluntary donors, limited access to donation centers, and low participation rates hinder effective blood donation efforts in the country. Objective: To assess the magnitude of voluntary blood donation practices and identify factors associated with them among community members aged 18–65 years in Asella town, Arsi Zone, Oromia Region, from September 1–30, 2025. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 698 participants selected using a multistage sampling technique with a design effect of 2. Kebeles were chosen through simple random sampling, and households were selected by systematic random sampling. From households with multiple eligible participants, one was selected using the lottery method. Data were collected through structured, pretested, interviewer-administered questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were applied to identify factors associated with blood donation, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals. Results: A total of 698 participants were included in the final analysis. Among these participants, Only 15.5% had ever donated blood in their life time. Multivariate logistic regression showed that adults aged 45-65 were less likely to donate blood than those aged 18–25 (AOR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.05-0.53), Respondents without cultural taboos (AOR = 2.46, 95%CI:1.39-4.34), those with a positive attitude (AOR = 5.72, 95%CI:3.11-10.52) were more likely to donate and Participants who had no exposure to blood donation messages were almost entirely absent from donation practice, with an (AOR =0.01; 95% CI: 0.00–0.07, p < 0.001). Conclusion and recommendations: Voluntary blood donation practice in Asella town was found to be low. Factors such as age, marital status, cultural taboos, attitudes, and exposure to information significantly influenced donation. Collaboration, community education and awareness campaigns,are recommended to improve practices Key words: Blood donation practice, voluntary blood donation, Asella town
Incidence and Predictors of Tuberculosis among HIV Positive Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy at Adama Hospital Medical College, Southeast Ethiopia: A Retrospective Follow-up Study
(2025-05-01) Jemal Amin
ABSTRACT Background: Although antiretroviral treatment (ART) significantly reduces the risk of tuberculosis (TB), the risk remains higher in HIV infected patients than the general population. Consequently, tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) is implemented alongside ART to further reduce the incidence of TB in this population. Previous research has not adequately addressed viral load status predictor influences TB incidence among HIV-positive adults. Objective: To determine the incidence and predictors TB among Adult PLHIV on ART at Adama Hospital Medical College, Ethiopia, 2025. Methods: A hospital-based retrospective cohort study was conducted at Adama Hospital Medical College with a total of 640 randomly select records of ART enrolled adults from May 01, 2015 to May 30, 2025. Data was collected by kobo toolbox, exported to an Excel sheet, and then imported to STATA version 17 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify the predictors of tuberculosis incidence. Adjusted Hazard Ratio with 95% confidence intervals was determined the strength and p-value < 0.05 was declared statistical significance. Results: In this study, a total of 640 participants included in the study, 119(18.59%) of which were developed tuberculosis, and the incidence rate was 4.18 per 100 person- years with a (95% CI: 3.49–4.99). The mean time to develop tuberculosis of HIV positive adults was 8.3 years. Being WHO clinical stage III (AHR: 2.25; 95% CI 1.11-4.57) and WHO clinical stage IV (AHR = 3.50; 95% CI: 1.72–7.12), not received TPT (AHR: 1.80; 95% CI 1.23-2.64), poor ART adherence (AHR: 1.98; 95% CI 1.18-3.30) and viral load test >1000 copies/ml (AHR: 1.80; 95% CI 1.17-2.76) were predictors of incidence of tuberculosis among HIV positive adults. Conclusion: The study found that the overall incidence of tuberculosis among adult HIV infected was high. Adults who had WHO clinical stage III and IV, poor adherence, not received TPT and high viral load test were statistically significant with incidence. Therefore, health care provider shall strength the implement regular viral load monitoring and ensure that ART adherence support programs to improve treatment outcomes. Keywords: Antiretroviral treatment, HIV-positive Adults, Incidence, Predictors, Ethiopia
UNDERNUTRITION AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS ATTENDING GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS IN ASELLA TOWN, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA: A MIXED METHOD STUDY
(2025-05-01) METASEBIA TESFAYE
Abstract Background: Undernutrition is a consequence of a deficiency in nutrient intake and/or absorption in the body or it can result from a disease or infection that affects nutritional intake or metabolism. Adolescent undernutrition including stunting and thinness remains a significant public health problem in low- and middle-income settings. Objective: This study aimed to assess undernutrition and associated factors among adolescent girls attending government schools in Asella town, Oromia, Ethiopia. Methods: school-based mixed method cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 618 adolescents were enrolled in the study. Structured interview administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Height-for-age and body mass index-for-age z-score were calculated using WHO antroplus software as indicators of stunting and thinness respectively. Descriptive statistics, bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were done. Statistically significant associations of variables were determined based on the Adjusted Odds ratio with its 95% confidence interval (AOR, CI) and p-value of ≤ 0.05. Qualitative data was collected through Focus Group Discussions with adolescent girls. Result: The prevalence of stunting and thinness among adolescent girls was 15.5% (95%CI= 12.6%-18.4%) and thinness was 11.3% (95%CI= 8.8%-13.8%) respectively. Being in older age, larger family size, lack of nutrition information and poor handwashing practices associated with stunting. Thinness was associated with consuming fewer than three meals per day, delayed menarche, and low awareness on the importance of good nutrition. Qualitative findings revealing limited nutrition knowledge, inconsistent hygiene practices and household food availability and meal frequency as major contributors to undernutrition. Conclusion: Adolescent girls’ undernutrition is a public health problem in the study area. Adolescent undernutrition is influenced by interconnected factors. Interventions targeting nutrition education, improved hygiene practices, menstrual health support, and household-level food access are crucial to improving adolescent nutritional outcomes. Keywords: adolescents, stunting, thinness, mixed-methods, nutrition, Asella, Ethiopia
MAGNITUDE OF LOW BACK PAIN AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG TEACHERS IN ASELLA TOWN, ARSI ZONE, OROMIA ETHIOPIA 2025 GC
(2025-05-01) TEWODROS TAMIRU
ABSTRACT Background: - Low back pain (LBP) has been recognized as a common occupational problem with a high prevalence among work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Although there appears to be a high prevalence of LBP among school teachers, Low back pain is a widespread problem with a lifetime prevalence of more than 70% in developed countries. There is a gap in studies specifically focusing on teachers in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for LBP among primary, secondary and high school teachers Objective: The study investigate the Magnitude of low back pain (LBP) and associated factors among teachers in Asella town, Oromia, Ethiopia. Method and material: The study employed a cross-sectional design, conducted from April to May 2025 in Asella town. The target population includes all teachers working in Asella town. With Random sampling technique a sample size of 319 teachers were recruited. Data was collected using a standardized questionnaire. Data analysis was including descriptive statistics to determine the magnitude of low back pain and describe the study population. Analytical statistics, including logistic regression, was used to assess associations between low back pain and risk factors. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Result: - Out of 319 respondents participated, resulting in a 100% response rate. The study found that 46.4% (95% CI 40.8–51.7%) of respondent have occurrence of low back pain. Factors independently associated with occurrence of low back pain included: The multivariable analysis sex (AOR = 2.119), age group (AOR = 0.186 for 30–40 years, p = 0.004; AOR = 0.823 for >40 years, p = 0.001), work shift (AOR = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.40–1.13; p = 0.03) and work experience (AOR = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.22–0.65; p = 0.001) are associated with low back pain. Conclusion: - Overall, the study revealed that low back pain (LBP) is relatively high among teachers in Asella Town and sex, age, work shift, and work experience were significantly associated with low back pain. Preventive measures should be in place to prevent and reduce the progression of LBP disability.

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